The Covenant of Works

A debate is raging over whether God's relationship to Adam prior to the fall should be considered a covenant of works as opposed to a covenant of grace.

I recently read a great quote from A. A. Hodge on the matter:

Now, the covenant of works is so called because its condition is the condition of works; it is called also, and just as legitimately, the covenant of life, because it promises life; it is called a legal covenant, because it proceeded, of course, upon the assumption of perfect obedience, conformity in character and action to the perfect law of God. And it is no less a covenant of grace, because it was a covenant in which our heavenly Father, as a guardian of all the natural rights of his newly-created creatures, sought to provide for this race in his infinite wisdom and love and infinite grace through what we call a covenant of works. The covenant of grace is just as much and just as entire a covenant, receiving it as coming from an infinite superior to an inferior" (Popular Lectures, p. 195).
Now, it would have been an infinite loss to us, an inconceivable danger, if God had determined to keep us for ever, throughout all the unending ages of eternity, hanging thus upon the ragged edge of possible probation, and always in this unstable condition, this unstable equilibrium, able to do right, and liable also to fall; and therefore God offered to man in this gracious covenant of works an opportunity of accepting his grace and receiving his covenant gift of a confirmed, holy character, secured on the condition of personal choice (Popular Lectures, p. 197).

I found the quote was on Doug Wilson's blog, to which he added: 'It is called a covenant of works because its condition was one of works, not because its nature was one of works. The nature was of grace -- coming as it did from God's "infinite wisdom and love and infinite grace".'

Thus, the covenant of works is also a covenant of grace, because God graciously added a promise to his law. Hodge refers to it as a "Covenant of Life" because the added promise is one of life. If Adam obeyed he would be graciously awarded "a confirmed, holy character."

In a similar way, the condition of the New Covenant is faith, grace is the nature of the covenant (and every covenant), while good works may be considered the fruit of the covenant.

The Burden of Disproving the Resurrection

Unbelievers assume that Christians bear a burden of proof for their claim that Christ rose from the dead. The dead usually stay dead, and anyone who claims that in one particular case an exception occurred has an uphill battle, if he wants to be taken seriously. The disciples of Christ knew this and accepted the burden by basing Christianity on the resurrection at a time when it could have been disproved quite easily. The fact that the early Christians could not be silenced transfers the burden of proof to skeptics. Tim Keller observes:

It is not enough to simply believe that Jesus did not rise from the dead. You must then come up with a historically feasible alternate explanation for the birth of the church (Reason for God, 202).

The tomb must have been empty or the authorities would have produced the body when Peter was preaching the resurrection in Jerusalem forty days later. The authorities told the soldiers guarding his tomb to publicly humiliate themselves by saying that the disciples stole the body on their watch. The disciples proved that they weren't pulling a practical joke, when they accepted execution rather than deny their preaching. Can you imagine the disciples about to face some terrible torture that would end in their death, asking themselves if they should keep it going? Peter Kreeft pointed out that if the disciples engineered the resurrection they would have to be very stupid because they lost everything and gained nothing.

Pascal said: "I believe those witnesses that get their throats cut" (Keller, 210). 

Now some, like Christopher Hitchens, say that there were no eyewitnesses and that everyone was illiterate anyway. But he is conveniently ignoring Saul of Tarsus who provided the earliest written witness to the resurrection fifteen to twenty years after the event. Paul claimed that the risen Christ appeared to Peter, and then to the Twelve. After that, "he appeared to more than five hundred of the brothers at the same time, most of whom are still living" (I Cor. 15). Keller points out that all of Paul's letters were public documents delivered during the Pax Romana when communication, travel, and commerce along Roman roads made fact checking much easier. Paul message was compellingly exoteric and public: "If Christ be not raised your faith is in vain ... we are of all men to be most pitied ... Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow you die" (I cor 15). Paul and the apostles challenged their world to disprove them and kill Christianity in the womb. They offered something that could be disproved. Paul appealed to common knowledge when he told Govenor Felix: "These things were not done in a corner." There can be no easy "dis-believism" in the face of such witnesses.

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The Miracle that Proves Miracles

The resurrection is the foundational miracle of the Bible. If this miracle happened, it authenticates the rest of the Bible's claims to supernatural events and revealed doctrine. Tim Keller says that when someone tells him that they struggle with some part of Christian teaching he usually responds by saying:

If Jesus rose from the dead, then you have to accept all he said; if he didn't rise from the dead, then why worry about any of what he said... That is how the first hearers felt who heard reports of the resurrection. They knew that if it was true it meant we can't live our lives any way we want. It also meant we don't have to be afraid of anything, not Roman swords, not cancer, nothing. If Jesus rose from the dead, it changes everything (The Reason for God, 202).

Other myths have stories of dying and rising gods like Balder, Osiris, and Isis, but they are mere myths. Christianity is myth but not mere myth. It is, as C.S. Lewis said, "myth made fact" or the true myth. The difference is that Christian myth actually happened in time and space history. Jesus was born under Caesar Augustus and crucified under Pontius Pilate and the disciples talk about:

That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked at and our hands have touched—this we proclaim concerning the Word of life. 2The life appeared; we have seen it and testify to it, and we proclaim to you the eternal life, which was with the Father and has appeared to us. 3We proclaim to you what we have seen and heard, so that you also may have fellowship with us. And our fellowship is with the Father and with his Son, Jesus Christ. (1 John 1:1-3)

When unbelievers say that Christianity only borrowed its mythology from earlier pagan stories, the proper response is to smile and say no, Christianity fulfilled them.

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Skepticism vs. Reason

The skeptic says faith and reason are in conflict, but skepticism is actually in conflict with reason. If skepticism calls everything into question it must also call itself and reason into question. Otherwise, the skeptic must admit that he accepts reason by faith.

We must all believe things that we cannot prove. If we would apply skepticism to everything we would never get anywhere. If we apply skepticism to itself it crumbles. Reason needs a foundation to build upon. All of us must simply accept a starting point and build on that foundation. If the foundation is weak we can replace it or strengthen it, but we can never work without one.

Credo ut intelligam. I believe in order that I might understand.

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Custom and Creed

This man's spiritual power has been precisely this: that he has distinguished between custom and creed. He has broken the conventions, but he has kept the commandments.

G. K. chesterton Manalive

This is the wisdom of Jesus who offended so many but who was beloved by his Father. James tells us that the Lord gives wisdom to any who ask without finding fault. O' to be loved by the Father!

Pre-marital Expectation

"Unhappy! Of course you'll be unhappy! Who the devil are you that you shouldn't be unhappy, like the mother that bore you? Disappointed! Of course we'll be disappointed! I, for one, don't expect till I die to be so good a man as I am at this minute, for just now I'm fifty thousand feet high, a tower with all the trumpets shouting."

"You see all this," said Rosamund, with a grand sincerity in her solid face, "and do you really want to marry me?"

"My darling, what else is there to do?" reasoned the Irishman. "What other occupation is there for an active man on this earth, except to marry you? What's the alternative to marriage, barring sleep? It's not liberty, Rosamund. Unless you marry God, as our nuns do in Ireland, you must marry Man; that is Me. The only third thing is to marry yourself-to live with yourself, yourself, yourself-the only companion that is never satisfied-and never satisfactory."

"Michael," said Miss Hunt, in a very soft voice, "if you won't talk so much, I'll marry you."

"It's no time for talking," cried Micahel Moon. "Singing is the only thing. Can't you find that mandoline of yours, Rosamund?"

"Go and fetch it for me," said Rosamund, with crisp and sharp authority.

G. K. Chesterton Manalive

Life is a thing to be risked, and that's grace!